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@@ -169,45 +169,251 @@ The following unit B is a Unit of Cause with reference to A, for it is the cause
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Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Effect with reference to B.
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Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Effect with reference to B.
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## 8. [**Unit of Confirmable Content** *followed by* **Unit of Convincing Implication**](# "yuttivākya - laddhaguṇavākya")
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## 8. [**Unit of Confirmable Content** *followed by* **Unit of Convincing Implication**](# "yuttivākya - laddhaguṇavākya")
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-
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-E.g.
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+## 8. [**合理**-**得到支持**关系](# "yuttivākya- laddhaguṇavākya")
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+E.g. 例如:
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- A. They said that only one-third of the committee turned up for the meeting.
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- A. They said that only one-third of the committee turned up for the meeting.
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+ - A. 他们说只有三分之一的委员出席了会议。
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- B. It (**T.M**) would be a reflection of the fact that the majority of committee members were against the new leader.
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- B. It (**T.M**) would be a reflection of the fact that the majority of committee members were against the new leader.
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+ - B. 它(**T. M**)或许是大多数委员会成员反对新领导人的这一事实的(实际)反应。
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(**T.M**) = " It would imply that OR Thus"
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(**T.M**) = " It would imply that OR Thus"
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+ (**T. M**)=“那或许暗示OR因此”
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-The following unit B is a Unit of Convincing Implication with reference to A, for it gives the sense **which is implied provided** the fact given in **A is confirmed**, i.e., "If the majority of committee members were absent at the meeting" . (Note that B is an **indirect verification** of A)
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+The following unit B is a Unit of Convincing Implication with reference to A, for it gives the sense **which is implied provided** the fact given in **A is confirmed**, i.e., "If the majority of committee members were absent at the meeting" .
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-Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Confirmable Content with reference to B.
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+以下单元B是关于A的一个令人信服的含意单元,因为它给出了**隐含的意思**,只要**A中的事实得到确认**,即“如果大多数委员缺席会议”
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+(Note that B is an **indirect verification** of A)
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+(请注意,B是对A的**间接证明**)
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+
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+Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Confirmable Content with reference to B.
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+因此,A被称为参照B的合理单元。
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---------------
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---------------
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**Note on different opinions**:
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**Note on different opinions**:
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-
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-A given unit is labeled a **Unit of Convincing Implication if**:
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-- a. It is an **effect (conclusion)** of another unit, which is **itself the effect (conclusion)** of still another OR
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-- b. It is a unit of **effect (conclusion)** that precedes its unit of **cause (premise)** —— it implies that a unit of **effect (conclusion)** is termed so only if it follows its respective unit of **cause (premise)**.
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---------------------
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+**注意这里有不同观点**:
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+- A given unit is labeled a **Unit of Convincing Implication if**:
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+- 给定的单元被标记为**具有令人信服的含义的单元,条件是**:
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+ - a. It is an **effect (conclusion)** of another unit, which is **itself the effect (conclusion)** of still another OR
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+ - a. 它是另一个单元的**效果(结论)**,(另一个单元)**本身**还是另一个OR的**效果(结论)**
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+ - b. It is a unit of **effect (conclusion)** that precedes its unit of **cause (premise)** —— it implies that a unit of **effect (conclusion)** is termed so only if it follows its respective unit of **cause (premise)**.
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+ - b. 它是**效果(结论)**单元并位于其**原因(前提)**的单元之前——这是在暗示,只有当这个单元跟随其本身的**原因(前提)**时,它才被称为**结果(结论)**
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+---------------
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## 9. [**Unit of Disputable Content** *followed by* **Unit of Destructive Implication**](# "ayuttivākya - laddhadosavākya")
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## 9. [**Unit of Disputable Content** *followed by* **Unit of Destructive Implication**](# "ayuttivākya - laddhadosavākya")
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-E.g.
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+## 9. [**不确定**-**归谬**关系](# "ayuttivākya- laddhadosavākya")
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+E.g. 例如:
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1.
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1.
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- A. The subject is said to be too boring for students.
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- A. The subject is said to be too boring for students.
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+ - A. 据说这门课对学生来说太枯燥了.
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- B. If (**T.M**) it were really so, no one would attend the lecture. But the lecture-hall is full every day.
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- B. If (**T.M**) it were really so, no one would attend the lecture. But the lecture-hall is full every day.
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+ - B. 如果(**T. M**)真是这样,就没有人会去听讲座了。但是讲堂每天都座无虚席。
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(**T.M**) = " The blame here is"
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(**T.M**) = " The blame here is"
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+ (**T. M**)=“这里的矛盾是”
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+
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+The following unit B is a Unit of Destructive Implication with reference to A, for it gives the **improbable content implied provided** the fact given in **A** is **confirmed**, i.e.,
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+"If the subject is a bore" .
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+下面的单元B是关于A的破绽,因为它给出了**不太可能的结论推导**是在**A**中所给出的事实得到**确认**,即,“如果这个门课程无聊”的这一前提下。
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-The following unit B is a Unit of Destructive Implication with reference to A, for it gives the improbable content implied provided the fact given in A is confirmed, i.e.,
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-"If the subject is a bore" . (Note that B is an indirect negation of A)
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+(Note that B is an **indirect negation** of A)
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+(请注意,B是A的**间接否定**)
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Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Disputable Content with reference to B.
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Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Disputable Content with reference to B.
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+因此,A被称为参照B的不合理单元
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-OR .
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+**OR** .
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- A. The subject is not boring.
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- A. The subject is not boring.
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-- B. Otherwise, (T.M) there would be no one in the class.
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-(The translation of the thematic marker is the same as above)
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+- A. 这们课并不枯燥。
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+- B. **Otherwise**, (**T.M**) there would be no one in the class.
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+- B. **否则**,(**T. M**)班上就没有人了
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+
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+ (The translation of the **thematic marker** is the same as above)
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+ (**关系连词**译文同上)
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+
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The following unit B is a Unit of Destructive Implication with reference to A, for it
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The following unit B is a Unit of Destructive Implication with reference to A, for it
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-gives the improbable content implied if the fact given in A is refuted, i.e., "If the
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-subject is boring" . (Note that here B is an indirect confirmation of A and that certain
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-words meaning " otherwise", i.e., itarathā, aññathā, are typical of such units)
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-Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Disputable Content with reference to B.
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+gives the **improbable content implied if** the fact given in A is **refuted**, i.e., "If the
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+subject is boring" .
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+
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+后面的单元B是关于A的破绽的单元,因为它给出了如果A中给出的事实被**驳斥**,即“如果主题很无聊”这一前提下能够**推导出的不合理的内容**。
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+
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+(Note that here B is an **indirect confirmation** of A and that certain
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+words meaning " otherwise", i.e., *itarathā*, *aññathā*, are typical of such units)
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+
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+(请注意,此处B是对A的**间接确认**,并且某些意思为“否则”的词,即*itarathā*, *aññathā*是此类单元的典型代表)
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+
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+Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Disputable Content with reference to B.
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+因此,A被称为关于B的不确定内容单元。
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+
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+
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+## 10. [**Unit of Partial Content** *followed by* **Unit of Continued Supplement**](# "āraddha vākya - upanyāsavākya")
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+## 10. [**开头**-**补充**关系](# "āraddha vākya- upanyāsavākya")
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+E.g. 例如:
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+
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+1.
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+ - A. She goes to school everyday.
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+ - 她每天都去学校。
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+ - B. She (**T.M**) is a teacher at a school nearby.
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+ - 她(**T. M**)是附近一所学校的老师。
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+ (**T.M**) = "to continue, moreover, in addition"
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+
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+ (**T. M**)=“此外,继续,再者”
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+
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+The following unit B is a Unit of Continued Supplement with reference to A, for it is a **supplement of** the content given **in A**, i.e., by clearing the doubt whether she is a student.
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+
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+后面的单元B是关于A的续补单元,因为它.
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+是**A**中给出的**内容的**补充,即通过澄清她是否是学生。
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+
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+Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Partial Content with reference to B.
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+因此,参照B,将A称为部分内容单元。
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+## 11. [**Unit of Partial Content** *followed by* **Unit of Resumed Supplement**](# "āraddha vākya - vākyārambhavākya")
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+
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+## 11. [**开头**-**呼应**关系](# "āraddha vākya - vākyārambhavākya")
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+E.g. 例如
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+- A. She goes to school everyday. She is a teacher at a school nearby. She has taught there for more than two years, etc. etc.
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+- 她每天都去学校。她是附近一所学校的老师。她在那里教书两年多了,等等。
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+- B. On (**T.M**) her way to school, she always meets a strange woman.
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+- 在她上学的路上,她总是遇到一个陌生的女人
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+
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+ (**T.M**) = " to continue, to resume"
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+ (**T. M**)=“继续,恢复”
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+
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+The following unit B is a Unit of **Resumed** Supplement with reference to A, for it resumes on certain content given in **a distant member unit of A**, i.e., "that she goes to school everyday".
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+
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+下面的单元B是关于A的**呼应**补充的单元,因为它对A中**有一段距离的单元组分**中给出的某些内容进行呼应。即“她每天都去上学”。
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+
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+Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Partial Content with reference to B.
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+因此,参照B,将A称为开头内容单元。
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+
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+## 12. [**Unit of General Content** *followed by* **Unit of Particular Content**](# "sāmaññavākya - visesavākya")
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+## 12. [**一般**-**特指**关系](# "sāmaññavākya - visesavākya")
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+E.g.例如:
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+- A. The word house means " a building for living in, a building in general, a dwelling - place, an inn, a public house, a household, a family in line of descent, kindred, a trading establishment, etc.".
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+- 房屋这个词的意思是“供居住的建筑物,一般的建筑物,住处、客栈、酒馆、家庭、世系家庭、亲属、贸易机构等.“
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+- B. Here (**T.M**) it means "a public house".
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+- 这里(**T. M**)它的意思是“酒店”。
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+
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+ (**T.M**) = "in particular, specially, especially"
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+
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+ (**T. M**)=“特指,特定,特别”
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+
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+The following unit B is a Unit of Particular Content with reference to A, for it gives the **particular sense**, which is **contextually** required, out of the possible ones given **in A**, i.e., that of "a public house".
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+
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+下面的单元B是关于A的特定内容的单元,因为它根据**上下文**的实际需要给出了**A中**的可能的含义中的的**特定意义**,即“酒店”的名称。
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+
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+Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of General Content with reference to B.
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+
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+因此,A被称为关于B的一般内容单元。
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+
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+## 13. [**Unit of Particular Content** *followed by* **Unit of General Content**](# "visesavākya - sāmaññavākya")
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+E.g.
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+- A. The word *safe* means here " trustworthy".
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+- B. It (**T.M**) may mean, as an adjective, " unharmed, free from danger, secure, sound, free from risk, certain, sure, reliable, trustworthy, cautious, good, fine (*slang*)" and
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+as a noun, "a metal box (often set in a wall, secure against fire, thieves, etc), a ventilated box or cupboard for meat, etc".
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+
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+ (**T.M**) = "generally, in general"
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+
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+The following unit B is a Unit of General Content with reference to A, for it gives the **generally possible senses** of the word **given in A**, i.e., those of the word safe.
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+
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+Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Particular Content with reference to B.
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+
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+## 14. [**Unit of Affirmative Content** *followed by* **Unit of Negative Content**](# "anvayavākya - byatirekavākya")
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+E.g.
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+
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+1.
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+ - A. Only Mary and her sister go to school.
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+ - B. The (**T.M**) rest of the family does not.
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+
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+ (**T.M**) = "on the contrary"
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+
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+The following unit B is a Unit of Negative Content with reference to A, for it gives the content **contrary to** that given **in A**, i.e., "those going to school".
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+
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+Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Affirmative Content with reference to B.
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+
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+2.
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+ - A. The sentence " she did not go," means that she did not go abroad.
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+ - B. She (**T.M**) did go to school and other places nearby.
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+
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+ (The translation of the **thematic marker** is the same as above)
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+
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+The following unit B is a Unit of Negative Content with reference to A, for it gives the content **contrary to** that given **in the commented part** of **A**, i.e., "her lack of movement".
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+
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+Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Affirmative Content with reference to B.
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+
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+## 15. [**Unit of Negative Content** *followed by* **Unit of Affirmative Content**](# "byatirekavākya - anvayavākya")
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+E.g.
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+
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+1.
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+ - A. The elders in the family do not go to school.
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+ - B. Only (**T.M**) Mary and her sister do.
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+
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+ (**T.M**) = " On the other hand"
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+
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+The following unit B is a Unit of Affirmative Content with reference to A, for it gives the content **contrary** to the **negation** given **in A**, i.e., "those not going to school".
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+
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+Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Negative Content with reference to B.
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+
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+2.
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+ - A. The sentence " she did not go" does not mean she was at home.
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+ - B. She (**T.M**) did not go abroad, anyhow.
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+
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+The following unit B is a Unit of Affirmative Content with reference to A, for it gives the content consistent with that of the commented unit given in A, i.e., " she did not go ".
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+
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+Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Negative Content with reference to B.
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+
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+------------------------
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+**Note**:
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+- In ordinary prose, the unit having the indeclinable *Na* is the Unit of Negative Content and the other, the Unit of Affirmative Content.
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+- In a **comment unit**, however, a unit having **content contrary** to **that** of the **commented unit** is the Unit of Negative Content and the other, the Unit of Affirmative Content.
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+------------------------
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+
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+## 16. [**Unit of Disapproved Content** *followed by* **Unit of Commended Content**](# "garahāvākya - sambhāvanāvākya")
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+E.g.
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+- A. He is very thin and small.
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+- B. He (**T.M**) is strong.
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+
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+ (**T.M**) = " however, but"
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+
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+The following unit B is a Unit of Commended Content with reference to A, for it is a **commendation** in contrast with the **disapproval** given **in A**.
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+
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+Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Disapproved Content with reference to B.
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+
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+## 17. [**Unit of Commended Content** *followed by* **Unit of Disapproved Content**](# "sambhāvanāvākya - garahāvākya")
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+E.g.
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+- A. He is really honest.
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+- B. He (**T.M**) knows nothing about his business.
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+
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+ (The translation of the **thematic marker** is the same as above)
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+
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+The following unit B is a Unit of Disapproved Content with reference to A, for it is **disapproval** in contrast with **the commendation** given in A.
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+
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+Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Commended Content with reference to B.
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+
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+## 18. [**Unit of Previous Theme** *followed by* **Unit of Next Theme**](# "pakkhavākya - pakkhantaravākya")
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+E.g.
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+- A. He has two sons, John and Bob.
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+- B. John is a student at Harvard. He is studying science, etc, etc.
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+- C. Bob (**T.M**) is a soldier. He is fighting in Iraq, etc, etc.
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+
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+ (**T.M**) = " the next topic is"
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+
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+The following unit C is a Unit of Next Theme with reference to B, for it carries a **different theme** in contrast with that given **in B**.
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+
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+Accordingly, B is termed a Unit of Previous Theme with reference to A.
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+
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+## **Special Types of the Pair “Previous Theme / Next Theme”**
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+
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+1. [**Unit of Question**](# "pucchāvākya") *followed by* [**Unit of Answer**](# "vissajjanāvākya")
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+2. [**Unit of Critical Question**](# "codanāvākya: a question meant to find fault") *followed by* [**Unit of Rejoinder**](# "parihāravākya: an answer meant to repel the blame")
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+3. [**Unit of Critic’s Premise**](# "codakābhogavākya") *followed by* [**Unit of Critic’s Conclusion**](# "codakābhogaphalavākya: Unit of Critical Question")
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+4. [**Unit of Exponent’s Premise**](# "parihārābhogavākya") *followed by* [**Unit of Exponent’s Conclusion**](# "parihārābhogaphalavākya: Unit of Rejoinder")
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+5. [**Unit of Indefinite Content**](# "aniyamavākya: Having a relative pronoun Ya") *followed by* [**Unit of Definite Content**](# "niyamavākya: having a demonstrative pronoun
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+identical with Ya in the Unit of Indefinite Sense")
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+6. [**Unit of Standard of Comparison**](# "upamānavākya: Having a standard of comparison") *followed by* [**Unit of Compared Object**](# "upameyyavākya: having an object compared to the standard given in the Unit of Standard of Comparison")
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+7. [**Unit of Quoted Speech**](# "ākāravākya") *followed by* [**Unit of Quotation Possessor**](# "ākāravanta-vākya: the unit in which the quoted speech is buried")
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+
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+----------------------------------
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+**Note**:
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+- **Each pair** above **except the first two** can have its **members reversed** in position.
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+
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+----------------------------------
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