mint/documents/course/Morphological Definitions.md

Compound Definitions 复合定义

Note 注意(1):

• Some compound members, such as prefixes and certain primary derivatives, cannot stand alone as separate words; in this case, their synonyms having the status of an independent expression should be used in the definition.
• 一些复合成员，如前缀和某些初级派生词，不能作为单独的词独立存在；在这种情况下，应在定义中使用具有独立表达式地位的同义词。

A. Kammadhāraya (Adjectival Compounds形容词复合词，持业释)

A definition for this type: 此类型的定义：

• a. has both members in nominative case, both singular or both plural and

两个组分都是主格，都是单数或复数

• b. the whole compound follows the last member in case, gender and number.

整个复合词跟随最后一个成员的格、性和数。

A.1visesana-pubbapada 定语前置

uttama = A_mod

purisa = A_sub

sense中心語, gender性 & number数

• A_mod + A_sub → A_sub

Relation關係

• A_mod → A_sub

Def. 定义

---

uttamo ca so puriso cāti (ca + iti) uttamapuriso

---

note注:

• When two members are different in gender, the inserted pronoun ta must agree with the first one.

当两个成员的性别不同时，插入的代词ta必须与第一个成员一致。

graph LR;
A["so"]--NIO<br>被描述-定性<br>普通-->B["uttamo"];
A--NIO<br>被描述-定性<br>普通-->C["puriso"]
A--NIO<br>被描述-定性<br>普通-->D["uttamapuriso"]
E["iti"]--CAU<br>归因关系-->D

trs.译文

• "He (is) noble and a man too, therefore, (he is) uttamapurisa by name."

• “他(是)高贵，也是一个人，因此，他名叫是贵人。”

  or或

  uttamo puriso uttamapuriso
  

  graph LR;
  A["uttamo"]--IAD<br>形容关系-->B["puriso"];
  B--NID<br>被命名-命名-->C["uttamapuriso"]
  

  trs.译文

• " (The / A) noble man (is) uttamapurisa by name."

• “高尚的人叫uttamapurisa。”

or或

 (yo) uttamo hutvā puriso (hoti). (so ) uttamapuriso.

graph LR;
A["yo"]--DISO-P<br>主-系-->B["hutvā"];
A--DISO-P<br>主-系-->C["hoti"]
D["uttamo"]--DISO-S<br>表-系-->B
E["puriso"]--DISO-S<br>表-系-->C
B--ADV<br>動詞修飾詞-動詞-->C

graph LR;
F["so"]--NIO<br>被描述-定性-->G["uttamapuriso"]

trs.译文

• " (The one who is) noble and (who is) a man, (he is) uttamapurisa by name."
• “变得高尚(的)男人，(他)以uttamapurisa为名。”

A.2 visesana-uttarapada 定语后置

sāriputta (name of a monk僧名) = A_sub

thera (senior monk高僧) = A_mod

sense中心語

• A_sub + A_mod---->A_sub

gender & number 性&数

• A_sub + A_mod---->A_mod

Relation關係

• A_mod → A_sub

Definitions are the same as the first format. 定义与第一种格式相同。

sāriputto ca so thero cāti sāriputtatthero

• "He (is ) Sāriputta (by name) and a senior monk too, therefore, (he is) sāriputtatthera by name."

• “他(名为)Sāriputta且是一位高年资僧侣，因此，(他)以sāriputtatthera(为)名。“。

  sāriputto thero sāriputtatthero
  

• "The senior monk Sāriputta (is) sāriputtatthera by name."

• “The资深和尚Sāriputta 以 sāriputtathera为名。“。

  (yo) sāriputto hutvā thero sāriputtatthero
  

• " (The one who is) Sāriputta and (who is) a senior monk, (he is) sāriputtatthera by name."

• “(谁是)Sāriputta和(谁)，他是一位高级僧侣，他的名字叫āriputtalthera。“。

A.3 visesana-ubhayapada

[ kata (the (work) finished已做) = A_mod1] + [ akata = (the (work) not yet finished未做) = A_mod2]

A_mod1 + A_mod2---->A_sub (sense, gender & number中心語、性与数)

A_mod1---->A_sub (Identity relation认定/一致关系)

A_mod2---->A_sub (Identity relation认定/一致关系)

Definitions are the same as the first format except the second: 定义与第一种格式相同，但第二种格式除外：

kataṃ ca taṃ akataṃ cāti katākataṃ

• "It (is ) finished and not yet finished too, therefore, (it is) katākata by name."

• “它(已经)完成，也尚未完成，因此，(它就是)katākata的名字。“。

  (yaṃ) kataṃ hutvā akataṃ katākataṃ
  

• " (The one which is) finished and (which is) not finished, (it is) katākata by name.

• “(已完成的那个)和没有完成(的)，(它是)katākata的名字。

A.4 upamāna-uttarapada 后比喻

[ muni (the monk僧) = A_sub ] + [ sīha (lion狮子) = A_com]

A_com---->A_sub (Figurative identity relation 比喻身份关系)

(yo) sīho viya / iva (hoti) iti (so) sīho.

[sīha + a (sec. derivative of comparison sense二次派生的譬喻)]

yo hoti (DASO - P) sīho hoti (DASO - S) so sīho (NID)

trs译文：

• The one who is like a lion, he is sīha by name.

• 就是那个像狮子一样的人，他的名字叫sīha。

  muni ca so sīho cāti munisīho.
  

  trs译文：

• "He (is) a monk and lion-like too, therefore, (he is) munisīha by name."

• “他也是一个和尚和狮子一样的人，因此，他的名字是市政ī哈。”

A.5 sambhāvanā-pubbapada 混合组分前置

[pāṇa (living being生物) =A + iti + saññā (perception认定/想) = B]

graph LR;
A["A + iti"]--Identity relation认定/一致关系-->B;

pāṇo iti saññā pāṇasaññā.

graph LR;

A["pāṇo iti"] --IAD--> B["saññā"];
B --NID<br>被命名-命名-->C["pāṇasaññā"];

trs译文：

• " The perception (forming) as 'living being' is saññā by name."
• “认定为‘生物’。”

A.6 avadhāraṇa-pubbapada 强调部分前置

[sīla (morality品德) = A + eva + dhana (property财产) = B]

graph LR;

A["(A + eva)"]--Emphasized identity relation强调的同一性关系-->B 

sīlaṃ eva dhanaṃ sīladhanaṃ.

• sīlaṃ (eva ) dhanaṃ (IAD)
• dhanaṃ sīladhanaṃ (NID
  被命名-命名)

trs译文：

• "The property that is only morality (is) sīladhana by name.
• “只有道德的财产才是sīladhana的名字。

A.7 pādi-pubbapada / kunipātapubbapada 前缀

[ pa (praiseworthy值得表扬) = A_ind + vacana (discourse话语) = A_sub]

Aind A_sub (identity relation认定/一致性关系)

pasaṭṭhaṃ ca taṃ vacanaṃ cāti pāvacanaṃ

• " It (is) praiseworthy and a discourse too, therefore, (it is) pāvacana by name.

• “它(是)值得称赞，也是一种论述，因此，(它是)pāVacana的名字。

  pasaṭṭhaṃ vacanaṃ pāvacanaṃ
  

• The praiseworthy discourse (is) pāvacana by name.

• The 值得称赞的以pāvacana(为)名。

  (yaṃ) pasaṭṭhaṃ hutvā vacanaṃ pāvacanaṃ
  

• (The one which is) praiseworthy and (which is) a discourse, (it is) pāvacana by name.

• (值得称赞的人)。(这是)一个话语，(它是)pāvacana的名字。

Note注：

• The first member Pa is a prefix; it cannot stand alone as a separate word. 第一个成员Pa是一个前缀；它不能单独作为一个单独的单词。
• Accordingly, its synonym pasaṭṭha, an ordinary noun, is used in the definition. 因此，在定义中使用了它的同义词pasaṭṭha，这是一个普通的名词。

B. Digu (Numeral Compounds数词复合词/代数释)

A definition for this type has: 此类型的定义有：

• a. the first member as a numeral and both members singular or plural number,
  

第一个成员为数字，并且两个成员都是单数或复数，

• b. both members in nominative case for asamāhāra type B.Asamāhāra类型的两个成员均为主格。

• c. both members in nominative case (with or without the inserted word samāhaṭa) C.两个成员均为主格(带或不带插入单词Samāhaṭa)。

  • OR in genitive case (with the inserted word samāhāra) for samāhāra type.

  或者在所有格中(插入单词samāhāra)表示samāhāra类型。

• e. the whole compound having the nominative case (AND) {following the last member in gender and number for asamāhāra type (or) having neutral gender, singular number for samāhāra type}.

即具有主格的整个复合词(和){在最后一个后面。具有中性性别的ASAMāhāRa类型(或)的性别和号码成员，Samāhāra类型的单数。

E.g.例如：

• [ti (three) = Anum + loka (world) = Asub ]

• Anum Asub (Identity relation认定/一致性关系)

  tayo ca te lokā cāti tilokā (asamāhāra type型) / tilokaṃ (samāhāra type型)
  

• te tayo (NIO)

• te lokā (NIO)

• te tilokā / tilokaṃ (NID
  被命名-命名)

• iti tilokā / tilokaṃ (CAU)

trs译文：

• " They (are) three and worlds too, therefore, (they are) tiloka by name."

• “他们也是三个世界，因此，他们的名字叫三界。”

  tayo lokā tilokā (asamāhāra type型)
  OR或
  tayo lokā tilokaṃ (samāhāra type型)
  

• tayo lokā (IAD)

• lokā tilokā / tilokaṃ (NID
  被命名-命名)

trs.译文：

• " Three worlds (are) tiloka by name."

• “三个世界叫三界。”

  tayo lokā samāhaṭā tilokaṃ 
  

  This format for samāhāra type only此格式仅适用于Samāhāra类型

• tayo lokā (IAD) samāhaṭā lokā (IAD)

• lokā tilokā / tilokaṃ (NID
  被命名-命名)

trs. TRS。 --- " Three worlds combined (are) tiloka by name." -“三个世界按名字合并在一起是蒂洛卡。”

• tiṇṇaṃ lokānaṃ samāhāro tilokaṃ (This format also for samāhāra type only ) *tiṇṇaṃLokānaṃSamāhāro Tilokaṃ(此格式也仅适用于Samāhāra类型)。

tiṇṇaṃ lokānaṃ (IAD) lokānaṃ samāhāro (POS) TIṇṇaṃLokānaṃ(IAD)LokāNAṃSamāhāro(POS)。

samāhāro tilokaṃ (NID
被命名-命名) Samāhāro Tilokaṃ(NID
被命名-命名)。

trs. TRS。 --- " The collection of three worlds (is) tiloka by name." -“三个世界的集合(是)Tiloka的名字。”

1 avadhāraṇapubbapada 1 avadhāraṇapubapada。

2 pādipubbapada / kunipātapubbapada127 2 pādipubbapada/kunipāTapubbapada127。

C. Tappurisa (Dependent Determinative Compounds)

C.Tappurisa(依赖测定化合物)。

A definition for this type has: 此类型的定义有：

a. the first member in one of six cases, namely, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive and locative cases,

A.六种情况之一的第一成员，即宾格、工具、与格、。

烧蚀格，所有格和方位格，

b. the second member and the whole compound in nominative case. 第二个成员和整个复合词的主格。

A. With Accusative relation A.与宾语关系。

[(arañña (forest) = A + gata (the one who goes) = B ] [(Arañña(森林)=A+Gata(去的那个人)=B]。

A B (Acc.) A B(Acc.)。

• araññaṃ gato araññagato. *ArañaṃGato Arañagato。

araññaṃ gato (IOV) gato araññagato (NID
被命名-命名) Arañaṃgato(IOV)gato arañagato(NID
被命名-命名)。

trs. TRS。 --- " The one who goes (to) forest (is) araññagata by name." -“那个去森林的人叫阿拉·纳阿加塔(ArañAgata)。”

[(kamma (work) = A + kāra (the one who does) = B ] [(卡玛(工作)=A+kāra(做工作的人)=B]。

A B (Acc.) A B(Acc.)。

• (yo) kammaṃ karoti / kato iti (so) kammakāro. *(哟)kammak caroti/ṃiti(So)kammakāro.。

yo karoti / kato (ASV) kammaṃ karoti / kato (IOV) Yo Karoti/加藤(ASV)KammaṃKaroti/加藤(IOV)。

iti kammakāro (CAU) so kammakāro (NID
被命名-命名) Iti kammakāro(Cau)so kammakāro(NID
被命名-命名)。

trs. TRS。 --- " The one who does the work, he (is) kammakāra by name." -“做这项工作的人，他叫Kammakāra。”

Note: In the second example, the second member kāra is a primary derivative 注：在第二个例子中，第二个成员kāra是一阶导数。

derived from (kar + a- subjective case) but it cannot stand alone as a separate word. 派生自(kar+a-主观格)，但它不能作为一个单独的词独立存在。 Consequently, an active verb of the same root is used instead in the definition. 因此，在定义中使用相同词根的主动动词。

B. With relations Instrumental, etc. B.与工具性关系等。

[(buddha (the lord Buddha) = A + bhāsita (the one which is said) = B ] [(佛(主佛)=A+bhāSita(所说的)=B]。

A B (Ins.) A B(Ins.)。

• buddhena bhāsito buddhabhāsito. *Buddhena bhāSito BuddhabhāSito。

buddhena bhāsito (ISV) bhāsito buddhabhāsito (NID
被命名-命名) Budhena bhāSito(Isv)bhāsito BuddhabhāSito(NID
被命名-命名)。

trs. TRS。 --- " The one which is said by the Buddha (is) buddhabhāsita by name." -“佛陀所说的就是佛陀āSita的名字。”

[(saṅgha (the Order of Bhikkhus) = A + bhatta (meal) = B ] [(Saṅgha(比丘修道会)=A+bhatta(餐)=B]。

A B (Dat.) A B(Dat.)。

• saṅghassa bhattaṃ saṅghabhattaṃ. *Saṅghassa BhattaṃsaṅGhabhattaṃ。

saṅghassa bhattaṃ (PUR) bhattaṃ saṅghabhattaṃ (NID
被命名-命名) Saṅghassa bhattaṃ(Pur)bhattaṃsaṅghabhattaṃ(NID
被命名-命名)。

trs. TRS。 --- " The meal for the Order of Bhikkhus (is) saṅghabhatta by name." -“比丘修会(Is)saṅghabhatta的餐点点名。”

[(nagara (town) = A + niggata (the one who went out) = B ] [(Nagara(镇)=A+niggata(外出的那个人)=B]。

A B (Abl.) A、B(Abl.)。

• nagarasmā niggato nagaraniggato. *nagarasmāniggato nagaraniggato。

nagarasmā niggato (DET) niggato nagaraniggato (NID
被命名-命名) 黑斑潜蝇āniggato(Det)nagaraniggato(NID
被命名-命名)。

trs. TRS。 --- " The one who went out from the town (is) nagaraniggata by name." -“那个从镇上出来的人叫那嘎拉尼加塔。”

[(buddha (the lord Buddha) = A + sāvaka (the disciple) = B ] [(佛(主佛)=A+sāVaka(弟子)=B]。

A B (Gen.) A、B(Gen.)。

• buddhassa sāvako buddhasāvako. *布达哈萨的āvako佛像āvako。

buddhassa sāvako (POS) sāvako buddhasāvako (NID
被命名-命名) 菩萨的āvako(位置)的āvako佛像āvako(NID
被命名-命名)。

trs. TRS。 --- " The disciple of the Lord Buddha (is) buddhasāvaka by name."128 -“佛祖(是)佛的弟子āVaka的名字。”

[(arañña (forest) = A + vāsa (living, residence) = B ] [(Arañña(森林)=A+vāSa(居住、居住)=B]。

A B (Loc.) A B(Loc.)。

• araññe vāso araññavāso. *Arañe vāso Arañavāso。

araññe vāso (LOV) vāso araññavāso (NID
被命名-命名) Arañe vāso(Lov)vāso Arañavāso(NID
被命名-命名)。

trs. TRS。 --- " Living / Residence in the forest (is) araññavāsa by name. -“生活/居住在森林中(IS)Arañavāsa的名字。