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-# **Introduction to Thematic Units**(*Vākya & Vākyajotaka*)
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-## **Introduction**
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-There are two kinds of relations usually defined to analyze given Pali text, namely, *word-to-word* relations and *sentence-to-sentence* ones. The former is used to get the syntactic sense of a sentence and has been discussed in *Basic / Advanced Relational Grammar*. The latter is used to get the accurate picture of logical relations among sentences of a paragraph, a chapter or even a volume. This topic is an introduction to *sentence-to-sentence* relations.
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-## **Thematic Unit** (*Vākya*)
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-The Pali term *vākya* literally means "a sentence", i.e., a self-contained set of words, in which syntactic word-to-word relations can be properly defined without going out of the set. However, it means here an independent unit of content or subject matter, hence the term **thematic unit**. The **smallest thematic unit** is a **sentence** and each of them may combine to form larger ones --- with their extents ranging from **two or more sentences** up to **a whole paragraph or chapter**, or **even a whole volume**.
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-## **Thematic Markers** (*Vākyajotaka*s)
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-Many thematic units are marked by certain indeclinables, namely, *hi, ca,* or *pana*. They are usually placed **immediately after** the **initial words** of their respective sentences. In theory, they are similar to English conjunctions --- they are said to illuminate the thematic relations among *thematic units*. In practice, however, each of them is used to indicate almost all relations possible; it is almost impossible to rely on them when they are so overloaded.
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-The actual process is rather the reverse. A thematic marker is only a signal that indicates the necessity to analyze the thematic relation of its HOST unit to the PREVIOUS one. After the analysis has been finished and the relation found out, that relation is used to make a reasonable translation of the marker itself.
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-## **Essential Content** (*Piṇḍattha*)
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-The term **essential content** is used in contrast with the *literal* content.
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-For example, a simple sentence counting the Triple Gems as Buddha, Dhamma and Saṅgha is **literally different** from a whole chapter explaining them in detail one by one; but they are **essentially the same** in content. Why? Because the subject matter is the same, i.e., the Triple Gems.
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-The **essential content** of a thematic unit is related to that of its **previous** or **following one** in one of following three ways:
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-- a. Identity
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-- b. Cause / effect (premise / conclusion)
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-- c. ordinary connection.
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-
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-## **Types of Thematic Units**
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-The type of a given **thematic unit** is defined in reference to its preceding and following ones. For instance, if a unit is an **elaboration** of the previous one but serves as one of **partial content** to the following one, it is termed as the unit of both elaboration and **partial content**. Accordingly, types of thematic units are usually given in pairs; in each pair, each member has its type defined in reference to another.
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-Depending on the relation of their **essential contents**, they are divided into three classes.
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-- A. Units of Identical Contents
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- 1. Unit of [Summarized Content](# "saṅkhepa vākya") followed by Unit of [Elaborated Content](# "vitthāra vākya")
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- 2. Unit of [Elaborated Content](# "vitthāra vākya") followed by Unit of [Summarized Content](# "saṅkhepa vākya") (the pair above reversed)
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- 3. Unit of [Vague Content](# "apākaṭa vākya") followed by Unit of [Illuminated Content](# "tappākaṭīkaraṇa vākya")
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- 4. Unit of [Doubtful Content](# "daḷhiya vākya待定") followed by Unit of [Confirming Content](# "daḷhīkaraṇa vākya确定")
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- 5. Unit of [Main Content](# "nigamanīya vākya") followed by Unit of [Concluding Content](# "nigamana vākya")
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-- B. Units of Cause and Effect
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- 1. Unit of [Premise (Cause)](# "kāraṇa vākya") followed by Unit of [Conclusion (Effect)](# "phala vākya")
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- 2. Unit of [Conclusion (Effect)](# "phala vākya") followed by Unit of [Premise (Cause)](# "kāraṇa vākya") (the pair above reversed)
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- 3. Unit of [Confirmable Content](# "yutti vākya") followed by Unit of [Convincing Implication](# "laddhaguṇa vākya")
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- 4. Unit of [Disputable Content](# "ayutti vākya") followed by Unit of [Destructive Implication](# "laddhadosa vākya")
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-- C. Units of Ordinary Connection
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- 1. Unit of [Partial Content](# "āraddha vākya") followed by Unit of [Continued Supplement](# "upanyāsa vākya")
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- 2. Unit of [Partial Content](# "āraddha vākya") followed by Unit of [Resumed Supplement](# "vākyārambha vākya")
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- 3. Unit of [General Content](# "sāmañña vākya") followed by Unit of [Particular Content](# "visesa vākya")
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- 4. Unit of [Particular Content](# "visesa vākya") followed by Unit of [General Content](# "sāmañña vākya") (the pair above reversed)
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- 5. Unit of [Affirmative Content](# "anvaya vākya") followed by Unit of [Negative Content](# "byatireka vākya")
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- 6. Unit of [Negative Content](# "byatireka vākya") followed by Unit of [Affirmative Content](# "anvaya vākya") (the pair above reversed)
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- 7. Unit of [Disapproved Content](# "garahā vākya") followed by Unit of [Commended Content](# "sambhāvanā vākya")
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- 8. Unit of [Commended Content](# "sambhāvanā vākya") followed by Unit of [Disapproved Content](# "garahā vākya") (the pair above reversed)
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- 9. Unit of [Previous Theme](# "pakkha vākya") followed by Unit of [Next Theme](# "pakkhantara vākya")
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-## **Usage of Thematic Markers**
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-1. All three markers, i.e., *hi*, *ca*, *pana*, can be placed in the **respective subsequent units** of all pairs **except the last three** to illuminate the relation of the **host** unit to the **previous** one.
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-2. Only *pana* can be used with the **subsequent** units of the **last three**, that is, with those of the 16th, 17th, and 18th.
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-## **Examples and Explanations of Thematic Units**
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-**Note:** In each example below, a potential thematic marker is marked as (**T.M**) and placed as the second word in the subsequent unit. And its translation is also given.
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-## 1. [**Unit of Summarized Content** *followed by* **Unit of Elaborated Content**](# "saṅkhepavākya - vitthāravākya")
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-E.g.
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-1.
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- - A. The couple lived at Sarnath.
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- - B. Sarnath (**T.M**) is a small village near Benares, a town in the Northeastern part of India. It was known as *Migadāya* at the time of the Buddha. It was there that the Buddha preached Dhammacakkapavattana Sutta, etc., etc.
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- (**T.M**) = " to elaborate OR to give details"
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-* The following unit B is a Unit of Elaboration with reference to A, for it is an elaboration of the word *Sarnath* mentioned in A.
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-Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Summarized Content with reference to B.
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-1.
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- - A. The whole family is busy.
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- - B. Father (**T.M**) is mowing the lawn. Mother is preparing the dinner. The son is sweeping the floor. The daughter is cleaning the cupboard.
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- (**T.M**) = the same as above
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-* The following unit B is a Unit of Elaboration with reference to A, for it is an elaboration of the working of the family mentioned in A.
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- Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Summarized Content with reference to B.
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-## 2. [**Unit of Elaborated Content** *followed by* **Unit of Summarized Content**](# "vitthāravākya - saṅkhepavākya")
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-E.g.
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-- A. The members of our group are John (a soldier), Robert (a programmer),
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-Mary (a housewife) . . . George (a student).
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-- B. We (**T.M**) have altogether 15 members of various professions and pursuits.
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-
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- (**T.M**) = " to sum up, to summarize"
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-* The following unit B is a Unit of Summarized Content with reference to A, for it is a summary of the description, given in A, of group members.
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- Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Elaborated Content with reference to B.
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-## 3. [**Unit of Vague Content** *followed by* **Unit of Illuminated Content**](# "apākaṭavākya - tappākaṭīkaraṇavākya")
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-## 3. [**笼统**-**具体**关系](# "apākaṭavākya- tapākaṭīkaṇavākya")
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-E.g. 例如:
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-- A. The couple came to town.这对夫妇进城了
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-- B. Just (**T.M**) as birds come to a tree full of fruits for a good meal, they moved to town hoping for an easy and happy life.
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-- 就(**T. M**)像鸟儿为了享用美味而来到一棵挂满果实的树一样,他们向往着轻松快乐的生活而搬到城里。
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- (**T.M**) = " to explain OR to make lucid"
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- (**T. M**)=“解释或使清楚”
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-* The following unit B is a Unit of Illuminated Content with reference to A, for it is an explanation of how that couple moved to town.
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-* 以下单元B是参照A的照明内容单元,因为它解释了这对夫妇是如何搬到镇上的
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- Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Vague Content with reference to B.
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- 因此,A被称为参照B的模糊内容单元。
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------------------------
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- Note: a simply exhaustive account is termed a Unit of Elaborated Content whereas the one given using similes or reasoning is called a Unit of Illuminated Content.
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- 注:简单详尽的叙述称为详述内容的单元,而使用明喻或推理的叙述称为阐明内容的单元。
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------------------------
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-## 4. [**Unit of Doubtful Content** *followed by* **Unit of Confirming Content**](# "daḷhiyavākya - daḷhīkaraṇavākya")
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-## 4. [**待定**-**确定**关系](# "daḷhiyavākya- daḷhīkaraṇavākya")
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-E.g. 例如:
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-1.
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- - A. He would have passed the examination if he really wished to do so.
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- - 如果他真的想通过考试,他早就通过了
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- - B. The (**T.M**) saying goes, " When there’s a will, there’s a way."
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- - B. (**T. M**)谚语是这样说的:“有志者事竟成.”
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- (**T.M**) = " it is true"
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- (**T. M**)=“这是真的”
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- The following unit B is a Unit of Confirming Content with reference to A, for it quotes a popular proverb to confirm the prospect of passing the examination.
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- 下面的单元B是参照A确认内容的单元,因为它引用了一句流行的谚语来确认通过考试的前景。
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- Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Doubtful Content with reference to B.
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- 因此,A被称为关于B的待定内容单元
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-2.
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- - A. He really wishes to pass the examination.
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- - 他真的很想通过考试。
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- - B. Even (**T.M**) in his sleep, he is dreaming of his lessons.
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- - 即使(**T. M**)在睡梦中,他也在梦见他的功课。
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- - (The translation of the thematic marker is the same as above)
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- - (关系连词译文同上)
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- The following unit B is a Unit of Confirming Content with reference to A, for it gives the circumstantial evidence to confirm that he really "wills" to pass the examination.
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- 下面的单元B是关于A的内容确认单元,因为它给出了环境证据,以确认他确实“愿意”通过考试。
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- Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Doubtful Content with reference to B.
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- 因此,A被称为关于B的可疑内容单元。
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-## 5. [**Unit of Main Content** *followed by* **Unit of Concluding Content**](# "nigamanīyavākya - nigamanavākya")
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-## 5. [**待总结**-**总结**关系](# "nigamanīyavākya- nigamanavākya")
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-This pair is similar to that of [**Unit of Elaborated Content** *followed by* **Unit of Summarized Content**](# "vitthāravākya - saṅkhepavākya") but the **concluding part** of a topic or chapter or even a whole book is termed **Unit of Concluding Content** while the rest of the topic, etc. is labeled **Unit of Main Content**.
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-此对类似于[**分**-**总**关系](# "vitthāravākya- saṅkhepavākya"),但一个主题或章节甚至整本书的**总结部分**称为**总结内容单元**,而主题的其余部分等被标记为[**待总结内容单元**](# "nigamanīyavākya")。
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-## 6. [**Unit of Premise (Cause)** *followed by* **Unit of Conclusion (Effect)**](# "kāraṇavākya - phalavākya")
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-## 6. [**条件**-**结论**关系](# "kāraṇavākya- phalavākya")
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-E.g. 例如
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-1.
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- - A. Smoke is seen on the mountain.
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- - 山上有烟
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- - B. Fire (**T.M**) is on the mountain.
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- - 山上有火(**T. M**)
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- (**T.M**) = " Therefore it is known that"
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- (**T. M**)=“因此,我们知道”
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- The following unit B is a Unit of **Conclusion** with reference to A, for it is the conclusion of the **premise** given in A, i.e., "smoke being seen" .
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- 下面的单元B是关于A的**结论**单元,因为它是A中给出的**条件**的结论,即“看到烟”。
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- Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Premise with reference to B.
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- 因此,关于B,A称为前提单元
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-2.
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- - A. A fire started to burn in the forest.
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- - 森林里开始着火了
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- - B. Billows (**T.M**) of smoke rose into the sky.
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- - 滚滚浓烟(**T. M**)升入天空
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- (**T.M**) = " Therefore"
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- (**T. M**)=“因此”
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- The following unit B is a Unit of Effect with reference to A, for it is the **effect** of the **cause** given in A, i.e., " a fire burning in the forest".
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- 下面的单元B是关于A的效果单元,因为它是A中给出的**原因**的**效果**,即“森林中燃烧的一场火”.
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- Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Cause with reference to B.
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- 因此,A被称为关于B的原因单元
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-## 7. [**Unit of Conclusion (Effect)** *followed by* **Unit of Premise (Cause)**](# "phalavākya - kāraṇavākya")
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-## 7. [**结论**-**条件**关系](# "phalavākya- kāraṇavākya")
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-E.g. 例如:
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-1.
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- - A. Fire is on the mountain.
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- - 山上着火了。
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- - B. Smoke (**T.M**) is seen on the mountain.
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- - 山上有烟(**T. M**)
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- (**T.M**) = " It is known because"
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- (**T. M**)=“这是已知的,因为”
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-The following unit B is a Unit of Premise with reference to A, for it is the premise of the conclusion given in A, i.e., "Fire being on the mountain" .
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-下面的单元B是关于A的前提单元,因为它是A中所给出的结论的前提,即“火在山上”
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-Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Conclusion with reference to B.
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-因此,A称为关于B的结论单元。
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-2.
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- - A. Billows of smoke rose into the sky.
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- - B. A fire (**T.M**) started to burn in the forest.
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- (**T.M**) = " Because"
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-The following unit B is a Unit of Cause with reference to A, for it is the cause of the effect given in A, i.e., " Smoke rising into the sky".
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-Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Effect with reference to B.
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-## 8. [**Unit of Confirmable Content** *followed by* **Unit of Convincing Implication**](# "yuttivākya - laddhaguṇavākya")
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-## 8. [**合理**-**得到支持**关系](# "yuttivākya- laddhaguṇavākya")
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-E.g. 例如:
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- - A. They said that only one-third of the committee turned up for the meeting.
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- - A. 他们说只有三分之一的委员出席了会议。
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- - B. It (**T.M**) would be a reflection of the fact that the majority of committee members were against the new leader.
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- - B. 它(**T. M**)或许是大多数委员会成员反对新领导人的这一事实的(实际)反应。
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- (**T.M**) = " It would imply that OR Thus"
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- (**T. M**)=“那或许暗示OR因此”
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-The following unit B is a Unit of Convincing Implication with reference to A, for it gives the sense **which is implied provided** the fact given in **A is confirmed**, i.e., "If the majority of committee members were absent at the meeting" .
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-以下单元B是关于A的一个令人信服的含意单元,因为它给出了**隐含的意思**,只要**A中的事实得到确认**,即“如果大多数委员缺席会议”
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-(Note that B is an **indirect verification** of A)
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-(请注意,B是对A的**间接证明**)
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-Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Confirmable Content with reference to B.
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-因此,A被称为参照B的合理单元。
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----------------
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-**Note on different opinions**:
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-**注意这里有不同观点**:
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-- A given unit is labeled a **Unit of Convincing Implication if**:
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-- 给定的单元被标记为**具有令人信服的含义的单元,条件是**:
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- - a. It is an **effect (conclusion)** of another unit, which is **itself the effect (conclusion)** of still another OR
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- - a. 它是另一个单元的**效果(结论)**,(另一个单元)**本身**还是另一个OR的**效果(结论)**
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- - b. It is a unit of **effect (conclusion)** that precedes its unit of **cause (premise)** —— it implies that a unit of **effect (conclusion)** is termed so only if it follows its respective unit of **cause (premise)**.
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- - b. 它是**效果(结论)**单元并位于其**原因(前提)**的单元之前——这是在暗示,只有当这个单元跟随其本身的**原因(前提)**时,它才被称为**结果(结论)**
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----------------
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-## 9. [**Unit of Disputable Content** *followed by* **Unit of Destructive Implication**](# "ayuttivākya - laddhadosavākya")
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-## 9. [**不确定**-**归谬**关系](# "ayuttivākya- laddhadosavākya")
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-E.g. 例如:
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-1.
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- - A. The subject is said to be too boring for students.
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- - A. 据说这门课对学生来说太枯燥了.
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- - B. If (**T.M**) it were really so, no one would attend the lecture. But the lecture-hall is full every day.
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- - B. 如果(**T. M**)真是这样,就没有人会去听讲座了。但是讲堂每天都座无虚席。
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- (**T.M**) = " The blame here is"
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- (**T. M**)=“这里的矛盾是”
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-
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-The following unit B is a Unit of Destructive Implication with reference to A, for it gives the **improbable content implied provided** the fact given in **A** is **confirmed**, i.e.,
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-"If the subject is a bore" .
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-下面的单元B是关于A的破绽,因为它给出了**不太可能的结论推导**是在**A**中所给出的事实得到**确认**,即,“如果这个门课程无聊”的这一前提下。
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-
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-(Note that B is an **indirect negation** of A)
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-(请注意,B是A的**间接否定**)
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-
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-Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Disputable Content with reference to B.
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-因此,A被称为参照B的不合理单元
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-
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-**OR** .
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-- A. The subject is not boring.
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-- A. 这们课并不枯燥。
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-- B. **Otherwise**, (**T.M**) there would be no one in the class.
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-- B. **否则**,(**T. M**)班上就没有人了
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-
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- (The translation of the **thematic marker** is the same as above)
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- (**关系连词**译文同上)
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-
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-The following unit B is a Unit of Destructive Implication with reference to A, for it
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-gives the **improbable content implied if** the fact given in A is **refuted**, i.e., "If the
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-subject is boring" .
|
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-
|
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-后面的单元B是关于A的破绽的单元,因为它给出了如果A中给出的事实被**驳斥**,即“如果主题很无聊”这一前提下能够**推导出的不合理的内容**。
|
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-
|
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-(Note that here B is an **indirect confirmation** of A and that certain
|
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-words meaning " otherwise", i.e., *itarathā*, *aññathā*, are typical of such units)
|
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|
-
|
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-(请注意,此处B是对A的**间接确认**,并且某些意思为“否则”的词,即*itarathā*, *aññathā*是此类单元的典型代表)
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-
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-Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Disputable Content with reference to B.
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-因此,A被称为关于B的不确定内容单元。
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-
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-
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-## 10. [**Unit of Partial Content** *followed by* **Unit of Continued Supplement**](# "āraddha vākya - upanyāsavākya")
|
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-## 10. [**开头**-**补充**关系](# "āraddha vākya- upanyāsavākya")
|
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|
-E.g. 例如:
|
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|
-
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|
-1.
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- - A. She goes to school everyday.
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- - 她每天都去学校。
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- - B. She (**T.M**) is a teacher at a school nearby.
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- - 她(**T. M**)是附近一所学校的老师。
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- (**T.M**) = "to continue, moreover, in addition"
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|
-
|
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- (**T. M**)=“此外,继续,再者”
|
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|
-
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-The following unit B is a Unit of Continued Supplement with reference to A, for it is a **supplement of** the content given **in A**, i.e., by clearing the doubt whether she is a student.
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-
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-后面的单元B是关于A的续补单元,因为它.
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-是**A**中给出的**内容的**补充,即通过澄清她是否是学生。
|
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-
|
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|
-Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Partial Content with reference to B.
|
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|
-因此,参照B,将A称为部分内容单元。
|
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|
-## 11. [**Unit of Partial Content** *followed by* **Unit of Resumed Supplement**](# "āraddha vākya - vākyārambhavākya")
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-## 11. [**开头**-**呼应**关系](# "āraddha vākya - vākyārambhavākya")
|
|
|
-E.g. 例如
|
|
|
-- A. She goes to school everyday. She is a teacher at a school nearby. She has taught there for more than two years, etc. etc.
|
|
|
-- 她每天都去学校。她是附近一所学校的老师。她在那里教书两年多了,等等。
|
|
|
-- B. On (**T.M**) her way to school, she always meets a strange woman.
|
|
|
-- 在她上学的路上,她总是遇到一个陌生的女人
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
- (**T.M**) = " to continue, to resume"
|
|
|
- (**T. M**)=“继续,恢复”
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-The following unit B is a Unit of **Resumed** Supplement with reference to A, for it resumes on certain content given in **a distant member unit of A**, i.e., "that she goes to school everyday".
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-下面的单元B是关于A的**呼应**补充的单元,因为它对A中**有一段距离的单元组分**中给出的某些内容进行呼应。即“她每天都去上学”。
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Partial Content with reference to B.
|
|
|
-因此,参照B,将A称为开头内容单元。
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-## 12. [**Unit of General Content** *followed by* **Unit of Particular Content**](# "sāmaññavākya - visesavākya")
|
|
|
-## 12. [**一般**-**特指**关系](# "sāmaññavākya - visesavākya")
|
|
|
-E.g.例如:
|
|
|
-- A. The word house means " a building for living in, a building in general, a dwelling - place, an inn, a public house, a household, a family in line of descent, kindred, a trading establishment, etc.".
|
|
|
-- 房屋这个词的意思是“供居住的建筑物,一般的建筑物,住处、客栈、酒馆、家庭、世系家庭、亲属、贸易机构等.“
|
|
|
-- B. Here (**T.M**) it means "a public house".
|
|
|
-- 这里(**T. M**)它的意思是“酒店”。
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
- (**T.M**) = "in particular, specially, especially"
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
- (**T. M**)=“特指,特定,特别”
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-The following unit B is a Unit of Particular Content with reference to A, for it gives the **particular sense**, which is **contextually** required, out of the possible ones given **in A**, i.e., that of "a public house".
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-下面的单元B是关于A的特定内容的单元,因为它根据**上下文**的实际需要给出了**A中**的可能的含义中的的**特定意义**,即“酒店”的名称。
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of General Content with reference to B.
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-因此,A被称为关于B的一般内容单元。
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-## 13. [**Unit of Particular Content** *followed by* **Unit of General Content**](# "visesavākya - sāmaññavākya")
|
|
|
-## 13. [**特指**-**一般**关系](# "Visesavākya- sāmañavākya")
|
|
|
-E.g. 例如:
|
|
|
-- A. The word *safe* means here " trustworthy".
|
|
|
-- “safe”一词在这里的意思是“值得信赖”
|
|
|
-- B. It (**T.M**) may mean, as an adjective, " unharmed, free from danger, secure, sound, free from risk, certain, sure, reliable, trustworthy, cautious, good, fine (*slang*)" and as a noun, "a metal box (often set in a wall, secure against fire, thieves, etc), a ventilated box or cupboard for meat, etc".
|
|
|
-- 作为形容词,它(**T. M**)的意思可以是“没有伤害,没有危险,安全,健全,没有风险,确定,确定,可靠,值得信赖,谨慎,良好,优良(*俚语*)”而作为名词(保险柜),“金属盒子(通常放在墙上,防火、防盗等),放肉的通风盒子或橱柜等。
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
- (**T.M**) = "generally, in general"
|
|
|
- (**T. M**)=“一般,一般”
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-The following unit B is a Unit of General Content with reference to A, for it gives the **generally possible senses** of the word **given in A**, i.e., those of the word safe.
|
|
|
-下面的单元B是关于A的一般内容单元,因为它给出了**A中给出**的单词的**一般可能的含义**,即单词*Safe*的含义。
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Particular Content with reference to B.
|
|
|
-因此,将A称为关于B的特指内容单元.
|
|
|
-## 14. [**Unit of Affirmative Content** *followed by* **Unit of Negative Content**](# "anvayavākya - byatirekavākya")
|
|
|
-E.g.
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-1.
|
|
|
- - A. Only Mary and her sister go to school.
|
|
|
- - B. The (**T.M**) rest of the family does not.
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
- (**T.M**) = "on the contrary"
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-The following unit B is a Unit of Negative Content with reference to A, for it gives the content **contrary to** that given **in A**, i.e., "those going to school".
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Affirmative Content with reference to B.
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-2.
|
|
|
- - A. The sentence " she did not go," means that she did not go abroad.
|
|
|
- - B. She (**T.M**) did go to school and other places nearby.
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
- (The translation of the **thematic marker** is the same as above)
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-The following unit B is a Unit of Negative Content with reference to A, for it gives the content **contrary to** that given **in the commented part** of **A**, i.e., "her lack of movement".
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Affirmative Content with reference to B.
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-## 15. [**Unit of Negative Content** *followed by* **Unit of Affirmative Content**](# "byatirekavākya - anvayavākya")
|
|
|
-E.g.
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-1.
|
|
|
- - A. The elders in the family do not go to school.
|
|
|
- - B. Only (**T.M**) Mary and her sister do.
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
- (**T.M**) = " On the other hand"
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-The following unit B is a Unit of Affirmative Content with reference to A, for it gives the content **contrary** to the **negation** given **in A**, i.e., "those not going to school".
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Negative Content with reference to B.
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-2.
|
|
|
- - A. The sentence " she did not go" does not mean she was at home.
|
|
|
- - B. She (**T.M**) did not go abroad, anyhow.
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-The following unit B is a Unit of Affirmative Content with reference to A, for it gives the content consistent with that of the commented unit given in A, i.e., " she did not go ".
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Negative Content with reference to B.
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-------------------------
|
|
|
-**Note**:
|
|
|
-- In ordinary prose, the unit having the indeclinable *Na* is the Unit of Negative Content and the other, the Unit of Affirmative Content.
|
|
|
-- In a **comment unit**, however, a unit having **content contrary** to **that** of the **commented unit** is the Unit of Negative Content and the other, the Unit of Affirmative Content.
|
|
|
-------------------------
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-## 16. [**Unit of Disapproved Content** *followed by* **Unit of Commended Content**](# "garahāvākya - sambhāvanāvākya")
|
|
|
-E.g.
|
|
|
-- A. He is very thin and small.
|
|
|
-- B. He (**T.M**) is strong.
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
- (**T.M**) = " however, but"
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-The following unit B is a Unit of Commended Content with reference to A, for it is a **commendation** in contrast with the **disapproval** given **in A**.
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Disapproved Content with reference to B.
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-## 17. [**Unit of Commended Content** *followed by* **Unit of Disapproved Content**](# "sambhāvanāvākya - garahāvākya")
|
|
|
-E.g.
|
|
|
-- A. He is really honest.
|
|
|
-- B. He (**T.M**) knows nothing about his business.
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
- (The translation of the **thematic marker** is the same as above)
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-The following unit B is a Unit of Disapproved Content with reference to A, for it is **disapproval** in contrast with **the commendation** given in A.
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-Accordingly, A is termed a Unit of Commended Content with reference to B.
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-## 18. [**Unit of Previous Theme** *followed by* **Unit of Next Theme**](# "pakkhavākya - pakkhantaravākya")
|
|
|
-E.g.
|
|
|
-- A. He has two sons, John and Bob.
|
|
|
-- B. John is a student at Harvard. He is studying science, etc, etc.
|
|
|
-- C. Bob (**T.M**) is a soldier. He is fighting in Iraq, etc, etc.
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
- (**T.M**) = " the next topic is"
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-The following unit C is a Unit of Next Theme with reference to B, for it carries a **different theme** in contrast with that given **in B**.
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-Accordingly, B is termed a Unit of Previous Theme with reference to A.
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-## **Special Types of the Pair “Previous Theme / Next Theme”**
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-1. [**Unit of Question**](# "pucchāvākya") *followed by* [**Unit of Answer**](# "vissajjanāvākya")
|
|
|
-2. [**Unit of Critical Question**](# "codanāvākya: a question meant to find fault") *followed by* [**Unit of Rejoinder**](# "parihāravākya: an answer meant to repel the blame")
|
|
|
-3. [**Unit of Critic’s Premise**](# "codakābhogavākya") *followed by* [**Unit of Critic’s Conclusion**](# "codakābhogaphalavākya: Unit of Critical Question")
|
|
|
-4. [**Unit of Exponent’s Premise**](# "parihārābhogavākya") *followed by* [**Unit of Exponent’s Conclusion**](# "parihārābhogaphalavākya: Unit of Rejoinder")
|
|
|
-5. [**Unit of Indefinite Content**](# "aniyamavākya: Having a relative pronoun Ya") *followed by* [**Unit of Definite Content**](# "niyamavākya: having a demonstrative pronoun
|
|
|
-identical with Ya in the Unit of Indefinite Sense")
|
|
|
-6. [**Unit of Standard of Comparison**](# "upamānavākya: Having a standard of comparison") *followed by* [**Unit of Compared Object**](# "upameyyavākya: having an object compared to the standard given in the Unit of Standard of Comparison")
|
|
|
-7. [**Unit of Quoted Speech**](# "ākāravākya") *followed by* [**Unit of Quotation Possessor**](# "ākāravanta-vākya: the unit in which the quoted speech is buried")
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-----------------------------------
|
|
|
-**Note**:
|
|
|
-- **Each pair** above **except the first two** can have its **members reversed** in position.
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-----------------------------------
|